Objectives: • Define serial and parallel transmission methods and discuss the advantages of serial over parallel transmission. • Define and compare synchronous and asynchronous data transmission. • Describe the purpose of start and stop bits in asynchronous data transmission. Serial and Parallel Data Transmission • electronic data (0s and 1s) can be transmitted by two different methods: • Serial transmission: data bits are sent one bit at a time over a single wire. Serial transmission used in networks, phones, keyboard and mouse. • Parallel transmission: data bits are sent over multiple wires at the same time.

It is faster but only works well over a short distance such as several meters. Buses inside a computer use parallel transmision. Printers are also can be connected via parallel cables within a limited distance. Serial and Parallel Data Transmission Comparision • Serial transmission is cheaper than parallel for two main reasons: • less wires needed • much less complex and size in transmitting and receiving interfaces • Serial transmission is much more reliable over long distance without suffering from 'skew'. 'Skew' can develop in parallel transimission due to slightly different properties in each parallel wire, which could result in different bits travel at different speeds. • In parallel transmission, a signal transmitted on one wire could create an undesired effect in another wire, resulting in the phenomenon called 'crosstalk'. This isparticularly prominent when using high frequency.

• Serial can transmit data at a higher frequency (high bit rate) without suffering 'crosstalk'. Objectives: • Define: • baud rate • bit rate • bandwidth • latency • protocol. • Differentiate between baud rate and bit rate.

• Understand the relationship between bit rate and bandwidth. Bit rate • The number of bits can be transmitted serially per second. Baud rate • The number of symbols/signals per second transferred. A symbol/signal may encode more than one bit. For example, using 4 different frequencies, 4 different 2-bit patterns can be encoded with each frequency encoding either 00, 01, 10, or 11 • It is also called symbol rate • Since one symbol can have more than one bit, bit rate will be higher than baud rate bit rate = (baud rate) X (number of bits per symbol) bandwidth • The amount of data that can be transmitted from one point to another in a given time period (usually a second). • Bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second (bps) • Modern networks typically have speeds measured in the millions of bits per second (megabits per second, or Mbps) or billions of bits per second (gigabits per second, or Gbps).

Parallel versus serial communication. In and, serial communication is the process of sending one at a time, sequentially, over a. This is in contrast to, where several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels. Sep 03, 2013  Before the development of high-speed serial technologies, the choice of parallel links over serial links was driven by these factors: Speed: Superficially, the speed of a parallel link is equal to bit rate*number of channels. In practice, clock skew reduces the speed of.

Latency • Latency is the delay from the start of the transmission to the time the data transmitted arrive at the destination. • Latency is the wait time introduced by the signal travelling the geographical distance as well as over the various pieces of communications equipment.

Scoot.net: stolen scooter registry This page contains information on stolen scooters. Entries made on the page will remain posted indefinitely. Zoshit z navchannya gramoti ta rozvitku movlennya. If you have had a scooter stolen, please post any information you have in order to alert shops and other scooterists of the theft. You may here. There are 53119 stolen scooters listed on 1063 pages, newest entries are first.